Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas | Umweltbundesamt

Chapter 15 of the book begins with an introduction to the concept of adaptation mainstreaming. It then presents an integrated framework that illustrates potential mainstreaming measures and strategies at different levels of governance, and discusses their application in urban planning practice with a focus on nature-based solutions. Case studies from Germany and Portugal illustrate the text. Four key principles for successful adaptation mainstreaming are highlighted. First, at the local level, adaptation mainstreaming requires the active consideration and combination of four approaches/ measures to reduce climate risk on the ground. Second, to ensure their sustainable implementation, mainstreaming strategies must be implemented at the local, institutional and interinstitutional level. Third, the different measures and strategies only lead to sustainable change in combination. Finally, experience in mainstreaming other cross-cutting issues (notably climate change mitigation) can create synergies and support progress. However, in practice there is still a long way to go. Current approaches often remain characterised by individual actions and the creation of separate, bolted-on structures and mechanisms.

Chapter 18 sums up that policy instruments for implementing NBS in urban environments are manifold and touch upon almost every single policy area in the urban context. Instruments can be divided into providing information, fostering cooperation, greening plans and setting incentives.

Fostering nature-based solutions in urban areas is an issue that receives increasing attention on the political agenda. But in many cases, only insufficient financial resources are available for the implementation of such solutions. A central issue is the structure of municipal revenues, which stem from either municipal tax revenue, fees for municipal services, or fiscal transfers from other governmental levels. Many of these revenues are however absorbed by specific tasks, especially social expenditure; thus there is little room left for autonomous investments, e.g. into nature-based solutions and green infrastructure. In Chapter 18 of the book, the structure of the problem such as the corresponding fiscal and constitutional restrictions and analyse are elaborated which solutions are possible to allow for greater investments into multifunctional urban nature-based solutions.

Chapter 16 showcases examples of multi-stakeholder partnerships, private sector leadership, and citizen engagement, which have supported the development or implementation of NBS in urban areas.